Activation of the SHH pathway is in turn used to ventralize cells and induce LMX1A+/FOXA2+/OTX2+ ventral midbrain (vMB) floor plate progenitors, which can differentiate into functional mDA neurons after long-term culturing in vitro or after grafting into PD animal models12,13. Here, LMX1A is linked to Parkinson disease.