NAPA and inflammation: Dubosiella and Bosea were found enriched in intestinal injury with altered expressions of antioxidant genes (43, 44), while Helicobacter pylori are linked to chronic inflammation-related oxidative damage and DNA damage through its virulence factors, including cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA), vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urease and neutrophil-activating protein A (NapA) (45).