TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus: AGE/RAGE signaling heavily influences both cellular and systemic responses to increase bone matrix proteins through PKC, p38 MAPK, fetuin-A, TGF-β, NFκB, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in both hyperglycemic and calcification conditions (28) and researcher found that the Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGE)/Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) signaling pathway exacerbates diabetes-mediated vascular calcification (VC) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), so the relationship between age-rage signaling pathway and osteogenesis was confirmed (29).