miR-486-5p (which targets the phosphatase and tensin homolog, PTEN) from endothelial colony-forming cell (ECFC) EVs reduces apoptosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury, and miR-21 (which targets numerous tumor suppressors including PTEN), possibly derived from skeletal muscle EVs, promotes renal tubular epithelial cell survival after sepsis-induced AKI (Viñas et al., 2016; Pan et al., 2019; Viñas et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and acute kidney injury.