Ott et al. (2017) demonstrated the potential of neoantigen vaccines in the treatment of melanoma. Of six vaccinated patients after surgical resection, four had no recurrence at the 20- to 32-month follow-up; the remaining two with recurrence were treated with PD-1. After antibody therapy, complete remission was achieved. Keskin et al. (2019) (NC02287428) found that neoantigen-specific T cells from peripheral blood can migrate into intracranial glioblastoma, which provided evidence that cancer neoantigen vaccines could enhance the immune microenvironment of glioblastoma cells. Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.