TGFB1 and otitis media with effusion: It has been reported that the levels of VEGFA and TGF-β cytokines in adenoids with exudative otitis media were higher than in conditions of adenoid hypertrophy alone, prompting the suggestion that VEGFA and TGF-β could be used as additional and objective tests to confirm the clinical diagnosis of OME caused by a bacterial pathogen (Zelazowska-Rutkowska et al., 2020).