AFP and liver cancer: In LIHC with a high GFRA3 expression, 144 genes were upregulated and 56 genes were downregulated (FC>2, P<0.05) (Figures S5A, B) For the LIHC group with a high GFRA3 expression, widely recognized critical oncogenes in liver cancer, such as AFP, IGF2, and liver cancer-associated pathways (e.g., cell cycle, forkhead box O, signaling pathway, hepatitis B, MAPK signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, and p53 signaling pathway) were unregulated, while the cell proliferation-related processes (e.g., chromosome segregation, mitotic nuclear division, spindle organization) were activated.