TLR4 and neoplasm: While HMGB1 activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and subsequently myeloid cells, ATP binds purinergic P2RX7 receptors, stimulating the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain–containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to produce interleukin-1β (IL1β), stimulating T lymphocytes against tumor-specific antigens (22, 23).