For example, differential gene expression based on cadmium exposure was observed in vitro studies across human breast cancer cell lines (PECAM1, DAB2, PGK1)23 (Lubovac-Pilav et al., 2013), human renal epithelial cells (SETD2, TBC1D15, TNPO1) (Garrett et al., 2013), rat liver cells [ANGPTL4 (Permenter et al., 2011), ADM. (Hsiao and Stapleton, 2009)], and mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines (EFEMP1) (Oldani et al., 2020). Here, TNPO1 is linked to breast cancer.