TNF and Scheie syndrome: This is in agreement with the observation mentioned above, that plasma and CSF from MPS I patients showed significantly elevated inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, SDF-1α, IL-1Ra, MIP-1β, IL-8, and VEGF (Fujitsuka et al., 2019; Fecarotta et al., 2020).