PDGFRA and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1: Studies suggest that PDGFRα+ LP interstitial cells may also contribute to bladder dysfunction (e.g., interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, IC/BPS) because preclinical rodent models show increased expression of interstitial cell markers (de Jongh et al., 2007; Kubota et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2011; Abrams et al., 2012; Fry et al., 2012; Johnston et al., 2012; Deng et al., 2015; Kjell et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2017, 2018; Sancho et al., 2017).