This indicates that, like compound Pax3/7, heterozygotes that display partially penetrant congenital hydrocephalus [19], Pax3neo/Δ5 that lack compensatory Pax7 revealed that cranial dysmorphogenesis can be caused via collective Pax3 and Pax7 deficiencies. This evidence concerns the gene PAX7 and congenital hydrocephalus.