TNF and infection: Similarly, E. coli 1587 infection stimulated upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α mRNA transcription levels in mouse colons at 3 dpi (Additional file 6: Fig. S6e, g, i, m), but this phenomenon mostly diminished in 7 dpi except for IL-6 (Additional file 6: Fig. S6f, h, j, n).