TGFB1 and infection: Similarly, E. coli 1587 infection elevated the transcription levels of IL-1β (Additional file 7: Fig. S7c), IL-6 (Additional file 7: Fig. S7d), TNF-α (Additional file 7: Fig. S7e), and IL-10 (Additional file 7: Fig. S7f) in the colonic tissues, while TGF-β was decreased (Additional file 7: Fig. S7g).