DMPK and myotonic dystrophy type 1: Increased cellular stress, resulting from the presence of expanded DMPK RNA (CUGexp) RNA foci, has been suggested to be a pathological effector in DM1 (Huichalaf et al., 2010; Ihara et al., 1995; Kumar et al., 2014; Toscano et al., 2005; Usuki and Ishiura, 1998; Usuki et al., 2000).