In addition, GSC-secreted factors such as VEGF-A, GDF15, IL8, and miR21 also have been shown to induce tumor angiogenesis (Conroy et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2017; Thirant et al., 2013; Treps et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2021). Here, GDF15 is linked to neoplasm.