TNBC cells that survive cytotoxic chemotherapy, such as carboplatin or paclitaxel, stimulate an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment with increased numbers of MDSCs and TAMs, decreased expression of NK and CD8+ T cells, and increased HIF activity that drives expression of CD73, PD-L1, and CD47, the latter of which protects cancer cells from phagocytosis by macrophages (153). Here, NT5E is linked to cancer.