HIF1A and cancer: Although HIF-1 may directly activate pluripotency gene expression in some cancer cells (126), a deep dive into the molecular mechanisms by which HIFs mediate increased breast CSC specification in response to hypoxia or chemotherapy has revealed multiple HIF target genes (Supplemental Table 2) that indirectly increase the synthesis or decrease the degradation of NANOG mRNA (Figure 2 and refs. 15, 127–132).