Notably, once activated, NF-kappa B translocates to the nucleus and increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α, chemokines such as MCP-1 and cell adhesion molecules including VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which can lead to vascular damage and the development of atherosclerosis by increasing the generation of these inflammatory factors from the SASP [63–65]. Here, CCL2 is linked to atherosclerosis.