TP53 and cancer: In addition, we found that β-elemene possibly affected the regulation of Mdm2 and Rac1. In a previous study, β-elemene induced the high expression of p21-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1 (PAK1IP1) in gastric cancer cells, and PAK1IP1 inhibited cancer cells proliferation via p53-Mdm2 pathways46.