These pathways are consistent with both the substrate specificity of gp78 and the genome-wide association studies–defined (GWAS-defined) linkages between gp78 and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) — rs150646468, rs2432539, rs112233856, rs2587865, and rs111283203 — associated with IFN-γ measurements, breast carcinoma, apolipoprotein A1 levels, triacylglycerol levels, and type II diabetes mellitus, respectively (see GWAS catalog https://www.ebi.ac.uk). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and type 2 diabetes mellitus.