Such observations are consistent with the association between gp78 and LC3A/B levels, whose expression has recently been shown to be associated with an immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment characterized by increased PD-L1 tumor expression and infiltration with PD-L1+ CD8 cells (11, 80), as well as the recent observation that gp78 is linked to increased tumor PD-L1 expression through its degradation of B7-H4 (41). This evidence concerns the gene VTCN1 and neoplasm.