In vitro, HIV exacerbated an HCV-driven profibrogenic program in a coculture system with hepatocytes and HepSC lines through ROS, NF-κB, and TGF-β1 up-regulation, indicating HIV-1 may contribute to the fast progression of liver fibrosis initiated by HCV infection (11). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.