MKS1 and Meckel syndrome: Shorter cilia with abnormally bulged tips have been, in fact, associated with dynein-2 complex and centrosome proteins defects [40, 53], while cells with mutations in Meckel syndrome type 1 protein (MKS1) and Meckel syndrome type 3 (MKS3) genes causing Meckel syndrome show a multiciliated phenotype [54].