Researchers found that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) display M2 macrophage characteristics and produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), promoting tumor initiation, growth, progression, metastasis, and immune evasion 9-12. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.