Under the assumption that phosphorylation signals are largely relayed via cytoplasmic domains and provided with the prominent roles of tyrosine phosphorylation in modulating cancer cell behaviors 32, 33, we focused on AQP3-19Y here and mutated it into 19F using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique with ssODN (single-strand oligo-deoxyribonucleotides) being the homologous recombination template (Fig. 2M). The gene discussed is AQP3; the disease is cancer.