TNF and Hyperglycemia: Our findings goes in hand with previous studies that suggested that hyperglycemia can promote a variety of signaling pathways to accelerate the production of reactive oxygen species and increase the expression of various proinflammatory factors and monocyte chemotactic to form foam cells and upregulate the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response [24].