Notably, LLTS reduces pacing-induced AF burden and inflammatory cytokines in humans with paroxysmal AF at the electrophysiology lab and also in a pilot randomized sham-controlled trial with chronic low-level tragus stimulation in patients with paroxysmal AF, LLTS resulted in 85% lower AF burden at 6 months along with 23% lower TNF-α levels compared to the sham group. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.