TLR9 and infection: Specifically, DNA is recognized by TLR9 in C. albicans (41, 42), A. fumigatus (43), and C. neoformans (44) infection, while S. cerevisiae and C. albicans RNA are recognized by TLR7 (40, 45) and C. albicans and A. fumigatus RNA by MDA5 (39, 40, 46, 47).