INS and infection: LL-37 can combat hyperglycemia and prevent beta-islet cell incapacitation through promotion of Ca2+ mobilization that leads to insulin release, Beta-islet cell neogenesis, prevention of islet amyloid polypeptide self-assembly, and reducing inflammatory profiles of macrophages surrounding Beta-islet cells. LL-37 can also stimulate angiogenesis and neovascularization to support repair of endothelial damage due to early infection.