VEGFA and neoplasm: The granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stem cell factor (SCF), prostaglandins, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-18 were shown to promote the differentiation of functional MDSCs that contributed to the establishment of immunosuppressive niche and tumor progression (205–209).