TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Subgroup analysis of IBD patients showed that four weeks after the second dose, patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors had significantly lower antibody levels (n= 59; GMC=1685 BAU/ml) than IBD patients without current immunosuppressive/-modulatory medication (n=21; GMC=3676 BAU/ml; p=0.0005), patients receiving the α4β7-integrin antagonist vedolizumab (n=19; GMC=3454 BAU/ml; p=0.0104) or controls (n=66; GMC=3206 BAU/ml; p<0.001) (Figure 1C).