TNF and viral infectious disease: In this case, in the event that viruses or the antibody binding to HVEM lead to a pro-inflammatory reaction of dendritic cells, including a higher expression of the IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ in groups of virus infection and adding antibodies of HVEM than those in group of adding antibody of gD, it should be understandable during post infection, as while higher expression of GM-CSF, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-6 was found at 48 h after infection (Figure 1C).