TNF and cancer: The functional enrichment analysis revealed that the proposed upregulated DEGs are significantly involved with some cancer-causing molecular functions and pathways, including cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), cAMP signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, Proteoglycans in cancer, and Rap1 signaling pathway (Figure 5).