Numerous studies have modified MSCs to overexpress cytokines that potentiate immune responses against cancer, such as interleukin (IL)-12, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10), IFN-β or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) [113], thus reducing tumor growth and improving survival. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.