TGFB1 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Because we were interested in the role of TGF-β1 in the pathogenesis of other diseases as well, we also compared TGF-β1 levels in patients with a prior history of disease, including chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart disease, pneumonia, high blood pressure, diabetes, previous stroke, and abnormal chest X-ray upon ED admission (Supplementary Figure S1).