In vitro and in vivo, SIN treatment reduced secretion of RA-associated cytokines, such as IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL1, CCL5, or MCP-1 [26]. Here, CSF2 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.