In a following study, it was reported that OXA antagonized TGF-β-dependent cellular effects, including reporter gene activity, DNA binding of the activated transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3, expression of TGF-β induced genes related to angiogenesis and metastasis and blocked capillary-like tube formation of the highly invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 [186]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast cancer.