In two RA rat models, PAE showed an anti-inflammatory effect through suppressing MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway [34] and suppressed TGF-β-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tissue fibrosis, as well as inflammation via TGF-β/small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling pathway in two other models [103,104]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.