NFKB1 and Cognitive impairment: D-gal also induces the releasing of inflammatory mediators, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancers of activated B cells (NF-κB), and causes neuroinflammation via stimulation of the transcription factor NF-κB through Ras and redox-sensitive signaling pathways, leading to cognitive deficits [30,31,32].