Specifically, IOL + AOM/DSS exhibited significant elevations in the gene expression of thioredoxin (TXN), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), catalase (CAT), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), which showed lower expression because of AOM/DSS treatment (Figure 5b,c,e–g). Here, GPX1 is linked to infectious otitis media.