CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial activation in response to proinflammatory cytokines secretes chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1 aka C-C motif chemokine 2, CLL2), which activates the C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) on monocyte, followed by stimulating integrin β2 to a high-affinity state, enabling it to bind to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is overexpressed due to endothelial dysfunction [3,6].