CSF1 and gastric ulcer: Studies of PGRN and the inflammatory response in gastric ulcers in murine models, attribute a role in the healing of gastric ulcers to PGRN by macrophages dependent on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), promoting angiogenesis through the upregulation of Cyclooxygenase/Prostaglandin E (COX-2/PGE) production and expression of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), [40].