NLRP3 and infection: Caspase-1 activation was significantly increased in Nlrc4−/− BMDMs during infection with ΔfliCΔgalE and ΔfliCΔgalE::pBAD33 strains compared to ΔfliC, but no such differences were observed in Nlrp3−/− BMDMs infected with different mutant strains (Figure 4A).