TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In the most severe cases of COVID-19, a dysregulated immune response called “cytokine storm” and characterized by an exuberant increase in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ) leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan failure, and ultimately death [215,216].