TNF and Insulin resistance: In a 6-month longitudinal cohort study that consecutively recruited patients with RA and comorbid T2D receiving anakinra (100 mg/day) or TNF inhibitors, anakinra-treated patients exhibited a significant improvement in both beta cell function and insulin resistance (as assessed by HOMA2-%β and HOMA2-IR, respectively), as well as a significant reduction in plasma glucagon levels [178].