In both EPOCH and Project Viva, the inclusion of conventional biomarkers of T2D risk (baseline waist circumference, fasting insulin and glucose, lipids, Tanner stage, and fasting glucose) to a “base” model comprising several established T2D risk factors (Hispanic ethnicity, family history of T2D, in utero exposure to GDM, baseline BMI) did not improve model performance, nor did the inclusion of baseline glycemia. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.