IRS1 and Insulin resistance: Amino acids are a part of many metabolic pathways related to insulin resistance, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and fatty acid oxidation, as well as hyperinsulinemia associated with pancreatic β-cells exhaustion, as amino acid metabolites being involved in insulin secretion modulation [62,63,64].