There is evidence that Nox4 promotes the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in vitro [18], while in vivo, Nox4 has a nephroprotective effect in a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO): Nox4-knockout mice after obstruction develop TF and oxidative stress faster and the expression of the antioxidant Nrf2 protein decreases [19,20]. Here, NOX4 is linked to Ureteral obstruction.