However, the expression of known hypertrophic markers, such as BNP and ACTA1, were not elevated under these conditions due to the modulation of different signaling pathways compared to the ET-1 stimulation of CMs, suggesting that CCN2/CTGF protein alone is not sufficient to induce the pathological form of cardiac hypertrophy [25]. Here, CCN2 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.