IDH3A and cancer: Cancer-cell mitochondria have various factors differentiating them from normal-cell mitochondria, which include ATP production, metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, glutathione level, pH, and oxygen consumption (Figure 4) [112].Cancer cells increase ATP production with the help of three enzymes, namely, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase, in which Ca2+ is a cofactor.