Furthermore, a recent study showed that chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL13 are increased in the circulation of untreated GCA and PMR patients and that peripheral CXCR3+ and CXCR5+ switched memory B cells are significantly reduced in GCA and PMR compared to healthy controls and inversely correlate with the serum levels of their complementary chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL13. Here, CXCL9 is linked to temporal arteritis.