TNF and COVID-19: Several studies have proposed the mechanisms of AKI development in COVID-19 patients, which include a higher level of soluble tumor necrosis factor, stimulation of inflammatory mediators and cytokine storms, which can cause a microvascular injury and AKI; moreover, the virus can target angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is found in the kidney, and can even directly infect the kidney [39,40].