In contrast, clearly detectable levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1), IL-6 and IL-8 could be determined in supernatants of CAF as well as in supernatants of co-cultures of CAF and either CCA cell line (Figure 4A). Here, CCL2 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.