TNF and atherosclerosis: In contrast, ligand-RAGE-NF-κB signaling could increase the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelin 1, and E-selectin in vascular endothelial cells and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in macrophages, which are involved in atherosclerosis progression [15,16,17].