TNF and diabetic kidney disease: The release of ROS and cytokines, like transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promote the apoptosis of podocytes, a crucial step in the pathogenesis of DKD since these cells, which are instrumental in the control of a glomerular filtration process, are terminally differentiated cells and thus they cannot be directly replaced [39].